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  在网络上访问数据有不同方式?:
 
  -爬取HTML网页
 
  -直接下载数据文件,例如csv,txt,pdf文件
 
  -通过应用程序编程接口(API)访问数据,例如 电影数据库,Twitter
 
  选择网页爬取,当然了解HTML网页的基本结构,可以参考这个网页:
 
  HTML的基本结构
 
  HTML标记:head,body,p,a,form,table等等
 
  标签会具有属性。例如,标记a具有属性(或属性)href的链接的目标。
 
  class和id是html用来通过级联样式表(CSS)控制每个元素的样式的特殊属性。 id是元素的唯一标识符,而class用于将元素分组以进行样式设置。
 
  一个元素可以与多个类相关联。 这些类别之间用空格隔开,例如 <h2 class=“ city main”>伦敦</ h2>
 
  下图是来自W3SCHOOL的例子,city的包括三个属性,main包括一个属性,London运用了两个city和main,这两个类,呈现出来的是下图的样子。
 
  可以通过标签相对于彼此的位置来引用标签
 
  child-child是另一个标签内的标签,例如 这两个p标签是div标签的子标签。
 
  parent-parent是一个标签,另一个标签在其中,例如 html标签是body标签的parent标签。
 
  siblings-siblings是与另一个标签具有相同parent标签的标签,例如 在html示例中,head和body标签是同级标签,因为它们都在html内。 两个p标签都是sibling,因为它们都在body里面。
 
  四步爬取网页:
 
  第一步:安装模块
 
  安装requests,beautifulsoup4,用来爬取网页信息
 
  Install modules requests, BeautifulSoup4/scrapy/selenium/....requests: allow you to send HTTP/1.1 requests using Python. To install:Open terminal (Mac) or Anaconda Command Prompt (Windows)code:  BeautifulSoup: web page parsing library, to install, use:
 
  第二步 :利用安装包来读取网页源码
 
  第三步:浏览网页源码找到需要读取信息的位置
 
  这里不同的浏览器读取源码有差异,下面介绍几个,有相关网页查询详细信息。
 
  Firefox: right click on the web page and select "view page source"Safari: please instruction here to see page source ()Ineternet Explorer: see instruction at
 
  第四步:开始读取
 
  Beautifulsoup: 简单那,支持CSS Selector, 但不支持 XPathscrapy (): 支持 CSS Selector 和XPathSelenium: 可以爬取动态网页 (例如下拉不断更新的)lxml等BeautifulSoup里Tag: an xml or HTML tag 标签Name: every tag has a name 每个标签的名字Attributes: a tag may have any number of attributes. 每个标签有一个到多个属性 A tag is shown as a dictionary in the form of {attribute1_name:attribute1_value, attribute2_name:attribute2_value, ...}. If an attribute has multiple values, the value is stored as a listNavigableString: the text within a tag
 
  上代码:
 
  #Import requests and beautifulsoup packages
 
  from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 
  InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity="all"
 
  # import requests package
 
  import requests
 
  # import BeautifulSoup from package bs4 (i.e. beautifulsoup4)
 
  from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
  Get web page content
 
  # send a get request to the web page
 
  page=requests.get("A simple example page")
 
  # status_code 200 indicates success.
 
  # a status code >200 indicates a failure
 
  if page.status_code==200:
 
  # content property gives the content returned in bytes
 
  print(page.content)  # text in bytes
 
  print(page.text)     # text in unicode
 
  #Parse web page content
 
  # Process the returned content using beautifulsoup module
 
  # initiate a beautifulsoup object using the html source and Python’s html.parser
 
  soup=BeautifulSoup(page.content, 'html.parser')
 
  # soup object stands for the **root**
 
  # node of the html document tree
 
  print("Soup object:")
 
  # print soup object nicely
 
  print(soup.prettify())
 
  # soup.children returns an iterator of all children nodes
 
  print("\soup children nodes:")
 
  soup_children=soup.children
 
  print(soup_children)
 
  # convert to list
 
  soup_children=list(soup.children)
 
  print("\nlist of children of root:")
 
  print(len(soup_children))
 
  # html is the only child of the root node
 
  html=soup_children[0]
 
  html
 
  # Get head and body tag
 
  html_children=list(html.children)
 
  print("how many children under html? ", len(html_children))
 
  for idx, child in enumerate(html_children):
 
  print("Child {} is: {}\n".format(idx, child))
 
  # head is the second child of html
 
  head=html_children[1]
 
  # extract all text inside head
 
  print("\nhead text:")
 
  print(head.get_text())
 
  # body is the fourth child of html
 
  body=html_children[3]
 
  # Get details of a tag
 
  # get the first p tag in the div of body
 
  div=list(body.children)[1]
 
  p=list(div.children)[1]
 
  p
 
  # get the details of p tag
 
  # first, get the data type of p
 
  print("\ndata type:")
 
  print(type(p))
 
  # get tag name (property of p object)
 
  print ("\ntag name: ")
 
  print(p.name)
 
  # a tag object with attributes has a dictionary
 
  # use <tag>.attrs to get the dictionary
 
  # each attribute name of the tag is a key
 
  # get all attributes
 
  p.attrs
 
  # get "class" attribute
 
  print ("\ntag class: ")
 
  print(p["class"])
 
  # how to determine if 'id' is an attribute of p?
 
  # get text of p tag
 
  p.get_text()

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